刘 凯
（清华大学公共管理学院助理研究员，经济学博士）
一、引言
印尼是“一带一路”倡议中“21世纪海上丝绸之路”的首倡之地。2013年10月3日，中国国家主席习近平在印尼国会的演讲中提出了“21世纪海上丝绸之路”的概念。印尼由此成为“一带一路”重要节点国家。十年来，中国和印尼共建“一带一路”硕果累累、成绩斐然，树立了发展中大国合作共赢的典范。2013年至今，中印尼在政策沟通、设施联通、贸易畅通、资金融通、民心相通等多个领域实现广泛而深入的发展。
一、中印尼两国元首擘画，发展中大国相向而行
作为发展中大国和新兴经济体代表，中国和印尼拥有广泛的共同利益，合作空间广阔。近年来，在两国元首战略引领下，中印尼秉持“和而不同”“殊途同归”的思想与理念，在政治、经济、人文、海上“四轮驱动”的双边合作新格局下，打造出发展中大国相互尊重、互利共赢的典范，共同发展的样板，公平正义的表率，南南合作的先锋。中国和印尼共建“一带一路”十年，是两国人民一以贯之、相向而行的意愿。
在现代化进程中，两国都秉持以人民为中心的发展思想，理念主张相通，共同利益相连，前途命运攸关。在民族复兴道路上，中国正昂首阔步迈向全面建成社会主义现代化强国的第二个百年奋斗目标，印尼也大步向前坚定不移地实现2045年建国百年目标。高质量共建“一带一路”十年，凸显两国在双边、地区和全球层面的共同利益以及合作共赢的重要性。十年来，中国和印尼全方位拓展互利合作，成功走出一条和而不同、共同繁荣的正确道路。
适逢中国与印尼建立全面战略伙伴关系十周年，也是中印尼共建命运共同体的开局之年。在两国高质量共建“一带一路”十周年之际，建设中印尼命运共同体，成为两国人民的共同心声和普遍期待。在两国元首外交的引领下，中印尼双方不断巩固高度政治互信，打造高水平合作新格局，丰富中印尼命运共同体的内涵。实践证明，中印尼互为发展机遇，是志同道合的同路人、好伙伴，两国互惠互利、合作共赢已成为南南合作的国际典范。
二、发展战略深度互嵌，经贸合作成果丰硕
贸易领域，2013年，中国与印尼货物贸易总额达到524.5亿美元，2022年跃升至1 491亿美元，增长2.84倍。截至到2022年，中国已连续9年成为印尼的第一大贸易伙伴。中印尼经贸合作跨越了新冠肺炎疫情影响，实现了逆势增长，两国贸易额突破1 000亿美元，同比增长近60%，创造历史新高。在当前世界经济格局深度演化背景下，中印尼通过双边、多边贸易有效带动两国经济保持强劲复苏增长，并促使双边贸易结构变得更加平衡。
投资领域，“一带一路”倡议与印尼“全球海洋支点”构想深度对接，加快了中国对印尼的投资进程。2022年中国对印尼直接投资流量较2013年增长近3倍、存量增长超5倍，分别达45.5亿美元和247.2亿美元，在东南亚分别占比24.4%和16%，印尼成为中国在“一带一路”沿线对外直接投资存量第二大目的国。截至2023年9月，中国在印尼累计实现各类投资项目19 570个，其中1亿美元及以上的大型投资117个，形成了有色金属、汽车制造、建材电气和食品加工四大中资产业集群。
基础设施领域，中国积极支持印尼“海上高速公路”发展倡议，深度参与“区域综合经济走廊”建设，有效推进高速公路、铁路、港口、电信网络等项目的建设。中国企业参与建造的发电厂贡献了印尼四分之一的总发电量。中国海外单机容量最大、拥有自主知识产权的火电机组—印尼爪哇7号2×1050MW发电项目，是印尼电力建设史上单机容量最大、参数最高、技术最先进、指标最优的高效环保型电站。印尼“三峡工程”—佳蒂格德（Jatigede）大坝，中国高铁首次全系统、全要素、全生产链海外建设项目—雅万高铁，成为中印尼共建“一带一路”旗舰项目。
此外，在“一带一路”绿色发展伙伴关系倡议下，中印尼在绿色经济、数字经济、蓝色经济、新型基础设施建设等领域的取得瞩目成果。双方稳抓数字机遇，打造互信互利、包容、创新、共赢的数字经济合作伙伴关系，有序推进数字技术防疫抗疫、数字基础设施、产业数字化转型、智慧城市、网络空间和网络安全等领域的合作。加快培育绿色发展、数字经济等新增长点，以“绿色”“低碳”“可持续发展”的理念，积极参与新首都（IKN）、北加里曼丹工业园项目建设。研究表明，印尼是共建“一带一路”倡议中实现最高合作水平的11个伙伴国家之一。过去十年，中印尼共建“一带一路”合作广泛且深入。
三、人文交流与日俱增，厚植友谊民心相通
“人文”是两国“四轮驱动”合作中的核心内容之一，也是中印尼关系良好发展的重要动力。2013年中国和印尼共建“一带一路”倡议以来，双方持续深化人文交流，扩大民间往来，增进两国人民之间的了解和友谊并取得了突破性的成果。2015年，两国共同启动副总理级人文交流机制。人文交流机制建设不断升级，实现了中印尼人文交流的里程碑。中印尼副总理级人文交流机制迄今已经举行三次会议，合作领域不断拓展，合作规模日益扩大，社会参与更加广泛，为深化双边人文交流合作搭建了平台。
2021年，中印尼整合原有的政治安全、经济、人文三个副总理级机制，建立中印尼高级别对话合作机制。同时将两国合作从政治、经济、人文“三驾马车”齐头并进，升级为政治、经济、人文和海上合作“四轮驱动”，进一步统筹各方面资源，形成更大合力，更全面深入、高效务实推进后疫情时代中印尼双方合作，为两国人民创造更大福祉。当前，双方以中印尼共建命运共同体为指引，推进人文领域的深度交流与密切合作，形成了多层面、宽领域、多样化的良好合作局面。
中印尼人文交流保持高频次、高水平、高质量的发展态势，各领域已逐渐形成品牌项目。共建“一带一路”以来，中印尼两国共同推动落实了高温气冷堆联合实验室、高铁研究中心、大熊猫保护研究及大熊猫落户印尼、公共卫生人才合作培养计划、中印尼科学家交换计划、百名青年交流项目、高校智库联盟、中印尼交流专项奖学金等一系列旗舰、品牌项目，搭建了民间交往的友谊之桥。中印尼通过技术交流、人员培训、联合研究等人文交流方式，厚植两国人民友谊，增进民心相通相融。
结 语
当前，中国人民正向着全面建成社会主义现代化强国的第二个百年奋斗目标迈进，印尼人民也正为实现2045年建国百年目标奋力前行。在实现国家现代化和民族复兴道路上，两国理念主张相通，共同利益相连，前途命运攸关。在两国元首战略引领下，中印尼秉持“和而不同”“殊途同归”的思想与理念，共建“一带一路”十年，打造出发展中大国相互尊重、互利共赢的典范和共同发展的样板。十年栉风沐雨，积厚以成势，贯穿“一带一路”的是中印尼双方相向而行的意愿与坚定不移的步伐。站在新的历史交汇点，中国与印尼这两个既“古老”又“年轻”的世界大国，将在两国元首战略擘画下，向着下一个十年奋楫笃行。大道同行，美美与共，中印尼精诚合作必将推动历史的车轮迈向光明与繁荣。
Cooperating and Sharing the Prosperity: China and Indonesia
Jointly Build the Belt and Road Initiative 10th Anniversary
LIU Kai
(Assistant Researcher, School of Public Policy and Management, Tsinghua University)
- Introduction
Indonesia is the first place to launch the “21st Century Maritime Silk Road” in the Belt and Road Initiative. On October 3rd, 2013, Chinese President Xi Jinping proposed the concept of the “21st Century Maritime Silk Road” in his speech to the Indonesian Parliament. Thus, Indonesia has become an important node country in the BRI. Over the past decade, China and Indonesia have achieved fruitful results in jointly building the Belt and Road Initiative, setting a model for win-win cooperation among major developing countries. Since 2013, China and Indonesia have realized extensive and in-depth development in many fields such as policy communication, facility connectivity, unimpeded trade, financial integration, and people-to-people bonds.
II.The heads of state of China and Indonesia have drawn up plans, and major developing countries are moving towards each other
As major developing countries and representatives of emerging economies, China and Indonesia share extensive common interests and have broad space for cooperation. In recent years, under the strategic guidance of the two heads of state, China and Indonesia have adhered to the ideas and concepts of “harmony without uniformity” and “different paths to reach the same destination”, and have created a development pattern under the new pattern of bilateral cooperation in politics, economy, humanities and maritime with “four-wheel drive”. It is a model of mutual respect, mutual benefit and win-win between China and major countries, also a model of common development, an example of fairness and justice, and a pioneer of South-South cooperation. China and Indonesia have jointly built the BRI for ten years, which is the consistent will of the two peoples to meet each other halfway.
In the process of modernization, both countries adhere to the people-centered development philosophy, have similar ideas and propositions, share common interests, and have a shared future and destiny. For the national rejuvenation, China is striding forward towards its second centenary goal of fully building a modern and powerful socialist country. Indonesia is also making strides to un-swervingly achieve its centenary goal of 2045. The ten years of high-quality joint construction of the BRI have highlighted the common interests and win-win cooperation between the two countries at the bilateral, regional and global levels. Over the past ten years, China and Indonesia have expanded mutually beneficial cooperation in all aspects and successfully embarked on the right path of harmony but diversity and common prosperity.
It coincides with the 10th anniversary of the establishment of a comprehensive strategic partnership between China and Indonesia. It is also the first year of China and Indonesia’s joint efforts to build the Community of Shared Future. On the occasion of the tenth anniversary of the high-quality B&R cooperation between them, building a community with a shared future between China and Indonesia has become the common aspiration and common expectation of the people. Under the guidance of the diplomacy between the two heads of state, China and Indonesia have continuously consolidated a high degree of political mutual trust, created a new pattern of high-level cooperation, and enriched the connotation of a community with a shared future. Practice has proven that China and Indonesia provide each other with development opportunities and are like-minded fellow travelers and good partners. Mutual benefit and win-win cooperation between this two countries have become an international model for South-South cooperation.
III.Development strategies are deeply mutual embedded, economic and trade cooperation has yielded fruitful results
In the field of trade, the total trade in goods between China and Indonesia reached US$52.45 billion in 2013, jumping to US$149.1 billion in 2022, an increase of 2.84 times. As of 2022, China has become Indonesia’s largest trading partner for nine consecutive years. China-Indonesia economic and trade cooperation has overcome the impact of the COVID-19 epidemic and achieved growth against the trend. The trade volume has exceeded 100 billion US dollars, a year-on-year increase of nearly 60%, setting a record high. Against the background of the current profound evolution of the world economic landscape, China and Indonesia have effectively driven the two economies to maintain strong recovery and growth through bilateral and multilateral trade, and promoted the bilateral trade structure to become more balanced.
In the field of investment, the BRI is deeply aligned with Indonesia’s “Global Maritime Fulcrum” Strategy, accelerating China’s investment in Indonesia. In 2022, China’s direct investment flow in Indonesia increased nearly three times compared with 2013, and the stock increased more than five times, reaching US$4.55 billion and US$24.72 billion respectively, accounting for 24.4% and 16% respectively in Southeast Asia. Indonesia has become China’s the second largest foreign direct investment stock along the B&R route. As of September 2023, China has realized a total of 19,570 investment projects of various types in Indonesia, including 117 large-scale investments of US$100 million and above, forming four major mid-capital industry clusters in non-ferrous metals, automobile manufacturing, building materials and electrical appliances, and food processing.
In the field of infrastructure, China actively supports Indonesia’s “Maritime Highway” development initiative, is deeply involved in the construction of “Regional Comprehensive Economic Corridors”, and effectively promotes the construction of highways, railways, ports, telecommunications networks and other projects. Power plants built by Chinese companies contribute a quarter of Indonesia’s total power generation. The flagship projects including, China Overseas’ thermal power unit with the largest unit capacity and independent intellectual property rights—Indonesia Java 7 2×1050MW power generation project—is an efficient and environmentally friendly power station with the largest unit capacity, the highest parameters, the most advanced technology, and the best indicators in the history of Indonesian power construction. Indonesia’s “Three Gorges Project”—Jatigede Dam, China’s first full-system, all-factor, and full-production-chain overseas construction project for high-speed railway—the Jakarta-Bandung High-speed Railway has become a landmark project of the B&R jointly built by China and Indonesia.
In addition, under the B&R green development partnership initiative, China and Indonesia have achieved remarkable achievements in the fields of green economy, digital economy, blue economy, and new infrastructure construction. The two parties will seize digital opportunities to build a digital economic partnership featuring mutual trust, mutual benefit, inclusiveness, innovation and win-win, and orderly advance the cooperation including digital technology in epidemic prevention and control, digital infrastructure, industrial digital transformation, smart cities, cyberspace and network security. Accelerate the cultivation of new growth points such as green development and digital economy, and actively participate in the construction of the New Capital (IKN) and the North Kalimantan Industrial Park projects based on the concepts of “green”, “low carbon” and “sustainable development”. Research shows that Indonesia is one of the 11 partner countries that have achieved the highest level of cooperation in the joint construction of the BRI. In the past ten years, China and Indonesia have cooperated extensively and deeply in jointly building the B&R.
Ⅳ.People-to-people and cultural exchanges are exponentially increasing, fostering friendship and strengthening the bilateral bonds
“Humanities” is one of the core contents of the “four-wheel drive” cooperation between the two countries, and it is also an important driving force for the stable and sustainable relations of China-Indonesia. Since China and Indonesia jointly built the BRI in 2013, the both sides have continued to deepen and expend people-to-people and cultural exchanges, enhanced understanding and friendship among the peoples, and achieved breakthrough accomplishments. In 2015, the two countries jointly launched a people-to-people and cultural exchange mechanism at the vice-premier level. The construction of people-to-people and cultural exchange mechanisms has been continuously upgraded, achieving a milestone in this field between China and Indonesia. The China-Indonesia Deputy Prime Minister-level people-to-people exchange mechanism has held three meetings so far. The areas of cooperation have been continuously expanded, the scale of cooperation has been expanding, and social participation has become more extensive, setting up a platform for deepening bilateral humanities exchanges and cooperation.
In 2021, China and Indonesia integrated the original cooperation mechanisms of political security, economy, and humanities to establish a high-level dialogue and cooperation mechanism. At the same time, the cooperation between the two countries will be upgraded from the “troika” of politics, economy, and people-to-people exchanges to the “four-wheel drive” of political, economic, people-to-people and cultural cooperation, and maritime cooperation, further coordinating resources in all aspects, and forming a greater synergy that will be more comprehensive, in-depth, and efficient. In the post-epidemic era, pragmatically advance cooperation between China and Indonesia and create greater benefits for the people of the two countries. Currently, the two sides are guided by the joint efforts of China and Indonesia to build a community with a shared future and are promoting in-depth exchanges and close cooperation in the humanities field, forming a multi-faceted, wide-ranging and diversified cooperation situation.
People-to-people and cultural exchanges between China and Indonesia have maintained a high-frequency, high-level, and high-quality development trend, and flagship projects have gradually formed in various fields. Since the joint construction of the B&R, China and Indonesia have jointly promoted the implementation of the High Temperature Gas-cooled Reactor Joint Laboratory, the High-speed Railway Research Center, Giant Panda Protection Research and Giant Panda Settlement in Indonesia, Public Health Talent Cooperation Training Program, and China-Indonesia Scientist Exchange Program , the Hundred Youth Exchange Project, the University Think Tank Alliance, the China-Indonesia Exchange Special Scholarship, which a series of flagship and brand projects has built a bridge of friendship for people-to-people exchanges. China and Indonesia have deepened the friendship between the two peoples and enhanced people-to-people exchanges through technological exchanges, personnel training, joint research and other humanities programs.
Ⅴ.Conclusions and Prospects
Currently, China is moving towards the second centenary goal of fully building a modern and powerful socialist country, and Indonesia is also working hard to achieve the centenary goal of the founding of the country in 2045. On the road to national modernization and national rejuvenation, this two countries have similar ideals and common interests, and their future and destiny are at stake. Under the strategic guidance of the two heads of state, China and Indonesia have adhered to the ideas and concepts of “harmony without uniformity” and “different paths to reach the same destination” and have jointly built the BRI for ten years, creating a model of mutual respect, mutual benefit and win-win between major developing countries.
Ten years of hard work have built a energetic momentum for the bilateral cooperation. What runs through the Belt and Road Initiative is the willingness and unswerving steps of China and Indonesia to move toward each other. Standing at a new historical intersection, China and Indonesia, the two “old” and “young” world powers, will work closely towards the next decade under the strategic planning of the two heads of state. Walking together on the same road, sharing weal and woe, the sincere cooperation between China and Indonesia will surely push the wheel of history towards light and prosperity.
